閩南語身體詞三字熟語詞認知隱喻探析
鄧孟倫
摘要
三字慣用熟語是漢語詞彙重要組成的部分，而隱喻性熟語又在三字詞當中佔了絕對的優勢。隱喻性三字慣用語除了華語之外，在方言當中更是大量出現，如閩南語三字熟語「出頭天、起歹面、大面神、甕內蠓、雞屎運」等，其中還有不少是以誇張、委婉的手法形成，具有語義變異的特性。適切使用慣用熟語既可以使語言更加形象、生動，又可突出表現其口語風格、增加語義情感色彩及語言特色。不同語言或方言有時會取用不同喻體來造詞，取象之不同反應出不同族群思維及文化上的差異。認知語言學家 Lakoff & Johnson（1980、2006）指出：人們生活中的多數概念實質上都是靠隱喻來表達，本文將運用其「概念隱喻理論」分析閩南語的三字慣用語，以董忠司編《臺灣閩南語辭典》為語料取材出處，分析其中的概念隱喻表現，其中將概念隱喻分為「隱喻」與「轉喻」兩部分，「隱喻」分成：「實體隱喻」、「空間方位隱喻」、「結構隱喻」三大類；「轉喻」又分：「部分代全體」、「全體代部分」、「部分代部分」三大類。本文依此全面探討臺灣閩南語當中「身體詞隱喻性三字熟語」的表現，藉由統括式的整理，期能找出臺灣閩南語中字熟語的喻體類型及其中所展現的語言文化特色。
關鍵字：三字格、熟語、身體隱喻、認知隱喻、閩南語
Cognitive Metaphor Analysis on Three-word Phraseology of Body-word of Taiwanese Hokkien
Meng-Lun Teng
Abstract
Three-word phraseology is the important part of forming mandarin. And metaphorical phraseology takes the absolute advantage in three-word phrase. Besides of Chinese, three-word phraseology is more often used by dialect. For instance, three-word phraseology of Taiwanese Hokkien "出頭天 , 起歹面...雞屎運" etc. And there are some three-word phrases of Taiwanese Hokkien applying exaggerate, euphemistic techniques to variate the meaning. To utilize phrases appropriately makes languages more concretely and vividly. Moreover, phraseology outstands the colloquial style, improves the emotion and the feature of languages. Different languages and dialect will create words with the different vehicles, which reflects the difference in thinking and cultures. Lakoff and Johnson (1980 , 2006), the experts of cognitive linguistics, indicated that most of the concepts in our daily life are expressed by metaphor. This paper utilize conceptual metaphor theory to analyze three-word phraseology of Taiwanese Hokkien with “Taiwanese Hokkien Dictionary” edited by Chung-Szu Tung. The concepts are separated into “metaphor” and “metonymy”. “Metaphor” is separated into ”Ontological metaphor”, “Orientational metaphor”, “Structural metaphor”, and “metonymy” is separated into ” The Part for the Whole”, “The Whole for the Part”,” The Part for the Part”. Base on this concept, this paper discusses the expression of “metaphorical three-word phraseology of body-word” of Taiwanese Hokkien by integration. Expect to find out the vehicle types of phrases and the features of languages of Taiwanese Hokkien.
Key words: Three-character words and phraseology、phrases、Body-words-metaphor、Cognitive Metaphor、Taiwanese Hokkien.